Clinical Indications

• Albumin excretion increases in patients with diabetes who are destined to develop diabetic nephropathy. More importantly, at this phase of increased albumin excretion before overt proteinuria develops, therapeutic maneuvers can be expected to significantly delay, or possibly prevent, development of nephropathy. These maneuvers include aggressive blood pressure maintenance (particularly with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), aggressive blood sugar control, and possibly decreased protein intake. Thus, there is a need for addressing small amounts of urinary albumin excretion (in the range of 30-300 mg/day, ie, microalbuminuria).

   

  The National Kidney Foundation convened an expert panel to recommend guidelines for the management of patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria. These guidelines recommend that all type 1 diabetic patients older than 12 years and all type 2 diabetic patients younger than 70 years should have their urine tested for microalbuminuria yearly when they are under stable glucose control.(1)

   

  The preferred specimen is a 24-hour collection, but a 10-hour overnight collection (9 p.m.-7 a.m.) or a random collection are acceptable. Recent studies have shown that correcting albumin for creatinine excretion rates has similar discriminatory value with respect to diabetic renal involvement, and it is now suggested that an albumin/creatinine ratio from a random urine specimen is a valid screening tool.(2)

   

  Several studies have addressed the question of whether this needs to be a fasting urine, an exercised urine, or an overnight urine specimen. From these studies, it is clear that the first-morning urine specimen is less sensitive, but more specific. A positive result should be confirmed by a first-morning random or 24-hour timed urine specimen.

   

  Studies have also shown that microalbuminuria is a marker of generalized vascular disease and is associated with stroke and heart disease.